Статьи о животных » Рептилии, амфибии » Немного научной информации о четырехполосом полозе
Полоз четырехполосый (Elaphe quatuorlineata) - крупная змея, достигающая двух метров в длину, но чаще встречаются более мелкие особи. Окраска верхней стороны тела буровато-желтая, с продольным рядом крупных коричневых, коричневато-бурых или почти черных пятен, вытянутых в поперечной плоскости, в некоторых местах сливающихся в зигзагообразную полосу. По бокам тела также проходит ряд мелких пятен той же окраски. Такой тип рисунка хорошо выражен у молодых полозов и почти не заметен на общем пестром фоне взрослых змей, поскольку в середине каждой светлой чешуйки есть небольшое темное пятно. Кроме того, некоторые чешуйки по краям тела имеют красноватую или оранжевую окраску. У особей номинативного подвида, не встречающихся на территории России и сопредельных стран, по всей стороне тела проходят четыре продольные темно-бурые полосы, что послужило основой для видового названия этого полоза. Нижняя сторона тела соломенно-желтая, иногда в мелких размытых пятнах. Голова слабо отграничена от шеи. У молодых змей на верхней поверхности головы характерен буровато-коричневатый рисунок. С возрастом рисунок головы практически теряется на общем буро-коричневом или почти черном фоне. Радужная оболочка глаз черная.
Четырехполосый полоз широко распространен в Европе, где его ареал охватывает территорию прежней Югославии и некоторые острова Адриатического моря, Албанию, Грецию и острова Ионического моря, а также многие острова архипелагов Спорады и Киклады, Болгарию и Румынию (к востоку от Дуная и Прута), Молдавию, южную Украину, степи южной России (Ростовская и Астраханская область, Новороссийск) и Предкавказье (Калмыкия, Чечня, Ставропольский край, Ингушетия и Дагестан), а также восточную Грузию, Армению и Азербайджан; за пределами европейской части Турции через Анатолию доходит до Сирии на Юге и достигает северного Ирана и Ирака, Туркменистана и Казахстана на востоке.
Четырехполосый полоз обычно встречается в аридных ландшафтах, в степях и полупустынях, а также в лесостепной зоне (как на равнине, так и в предгорьях), на холмистых участках и в карстовых средиземноморских ландшафтах. Живет на участках каменистой и песчаной полупустыни, на поросших кустарником склонах со скальными выходами, на лесных опушках, в разреженных степных и тугайных лесах. Не избегает близости человека и селится в виноградниках и садах. Четырехполосый полоз встречается в горах до 1000 м над уровнем моря в Европе (южная Италия) и до 2500 м над уровнем моря в Закавказье. На севере залива Кара-Богаз-Гол в Туркменистане эта змея живет на плотных суглинистых почвах с зарослями саксаула, солянок и других ксерофитных растений, а на центральном Устюрте – на плотных закрепленных песках с зарослями саксаула, в глинистой пустыне и на пухлых солончаках. Распространение полоза нередко связаны с колониями большой песчанки. В качестве укрытий змея обычно использует норы грызунов, пустоты в почве и под камнями, дупла деревьев.
Период активности начинается в марте – апреле, в зависимости от ареала. Основная активность днем: весной в течение всего светлого времени суток, в жаркое время года в утренние и вечерние часы. Спаривание обычно в апреле-мае. В июне-июле самки откладывают 4-16 яиц размером 20-25 * 48-70 мм. Молодые полозы появляются в августе-октябре (в зависимости от местообитания). Активность продолжается до сентября-октября в различных частях ареала.
Четырехполосый полоз агрессивен. При опасности принимает угрожающую позу – поднимает переднюю треть туловища и быстро вибрирует кончиком хвоста, который издает характерный треск при контакте с субстратом и твердыми предметами. Шейная область уплощается, и полоз делает броски в сторону опасности с коротким шипением.
Питается грызунами крупных и средних размеров, птицами и их яйцами, реже – ящерицами. Для поедания птичьих яиц у четырехполосого полоза отмечено приспособление в строении гипапофизов, позволяющее разламывать яичную скорлупу в пищеводе. Это приспособление получило название «яичная пила».
В связи с повсеместной распашкой целинных земель численность, особенно в степи и других равнинных ландшафтах, постоянно сокращается. Как вид с сокращающейся численностью четырехполосый полоз внесен в Красные Книги Украины, Казахстана, Туркменистана и Армении (3 категории), а также как вид с сокращающейся численностью внесен в Аннотированный перечень таксонов и популяций, нуждающихся в особом внимании к их состоянию в природной среде (Приложение к Красной книге Российской Федерации). Находится под охраной Бернской Конвенции.
Информация взята из книги: Ананьева Н.Б., Боркин Л.Я., Даревский И.С., Орлов Н.Л. Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся. Энциклопедия природы России. - М.: ABF, 1998. - 576 с.
18. Bobbysex, Комментарий от 06 декабря 2017г., 05:46
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19. Bobbysex, Комментарий от 06 декабря 2017г., 07:11
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20. Bobbysex, Комментарий от 06 декабря 2017г., 07:42
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21. Bobbysex, Комментарий от 06 декабря 2017г., 08:18
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